Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 527  A Summary of Classical Chinese Analytic Syntax...   The symbol “ @ ” (as in n@hum “noun referring to a person”) signifies that what precedes @ is a syntactic category, and that what follows @ are semantic features that apply to the expression belonging to that preceding syntactic category. Simplex Words All classical Chinese monosyllabic words are taken to be nouns, verbs or particles. The remaining categories are defined in terms of these basic concepts: n “monosyllabic noun” (negatable in principle by f i 非 IS-NOT “is not a” or, when not negatable, directly derived from a word negatable by f i 非 . For objects there are only few examples: h shì f i jūn 何事非君？ HOW SERVE NOT-BE RULER “How can one serve someone who is not one’s ru- ler?”. The object pronoun zhī 之 is a marginal case and may perhaps be said to count as an n (more specifically as an npro ) because it substitutes for a noun.) v “monosyllabic verb” (negatable in principle by bù 不 NOT “does not”, or, when not negatable, directly derived in meaning from a word nega- table by bù 不 ) p “monosyllabic grammatical particle” ( in principle not negatable as such, i. e. can never be the scope of a negation) Note that not by no means all monosyllabic words are simplex words without an internal semantic structure. For example, w ng 王 “king” is sim- plex and has no known internal structure. On the contrary, wàng 王 “verbal: rule over as king”, nominal: “ruling as king; royal rulership” is complex, in- volving what is currently reconstructed by common consent by a suffix “-s”. [NB: The reading wàng is commonly attested in the earliest phonetic glosses for the deverbal nominalised use of the word, for example in the authorita- tive Jīngdi nshìw n 經典釋文 of the seventh century AD. The distinction marked by the suffix is thus not at all that of marked noun versus unmarked verb, but marked action versus unmarked agent. Needless to say, and as the English word “action” conveniently demonstrates, the semantic feature “ACTION” is by no means limited to verbs.] Complex Expressions All classical Chinese expressions are deemed to be either NPs, VPs or sentences S. All complex expressions are also taken to be either nominal, or verbal, or grammaticalised. When a constituent consists of more than one character, the following labels are used: