Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 468  George van Driem   1. Father tongues and our paternal ancestries When studying the distribution of maternally inherited markers in the mi- tochondrial DNA and paternally inherited markers on the Y chromosome, population geneticists soon found that it was easier to find statistically rele- vant correlations between the language of a particular community and the pa- ternally inherited markers prevalent in that community than between the lan- guage spoken and the most salient maternally inherited markers found in that speech community. This Father Tongue correlation was already described by [Poloni et al. 1997, 2000] before the appearance of the seminal articles on Y chromosomal phylogeography by [Underhill et al. 2000, 2001]. Sub- sequent work, e. g. [Karafet et al . 2008], has further refined the reso- lution of the Y chromosomal hap- logroup tree and led to the paternal phylogeny for mankind depicted in Figure 1. The inference was made that pa- ternally inherited polymorphisms may serve as markers for linguistic dispersals in the past, and that a cor- relation of Y chromosomal markers with language may point towards male-biased linguistic intrusions. The Father Tongue correlation is ubiquitous but not universal. Its preponderance allows us to deduce that a mother teaching her children their father’s tongue must have been a prevalent and recurrent pattern in linguistic prehistory. It is reasonable to infer that some mechanisms of language change may be inherent to this pathway of transmission. Phylogenies of autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms in whole the Ganges and the Himalayas’ in Tiatoshi Jamir and Manjil Hazarika (eds.) 50 Years after Daojali-Hading: Emerging Perspectives in the Archaeology of Northeast India. New Delhi: Research India Press, pp. 60–98. Figure 1. The Y chromosomal haplo­ group tree based on [Underhill et al. 2000, 2001; Karafet et al. 2008] as it currently appears on the website www.familytreedna.com (1 5 May 2013)