Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 469  The Eastern Himalayan Corridor in Prehistory   genome studies are making headway [Li et al . 2008], but it is still too early to tell to what extent correlations of autosomal markers with language phyla will be identified that are as salient as the currently observed Father Tongue correlations. There are a number of reasons why we might expect this outcome. Initial human colonisation of any part of the planet must have involved both sexes in order for a population of progeny to establish itself. Once a population is in place, however, subsequent migrations could have been heavily gender- biased. Subsequently, male intruders could impose their language whilst availing themselves of the womenfolk already in place. Theoretically, tribes of Amazons could have spread in a similar fashion. If so, then the tell-tale correspondences between mitochondrial lineages and the distribution of lin- guistic phyla would presumably have been detected by now, but correlations between maternal lineages and linguistic phylogeography discerned to date have been underwhelming. The Father Tongue correlation observed in many parts of the globe suggests that linguistic dispersals were, at least in most parts of the world, posterior to initial human colonisation and that many lin- guistic dispersals were predominantly later male-biased intrusions. A factor which may have played a role in many of these sexually asymmetrical migra- tions is what eminent Estonian geneticist Toomas Kivisild at Cambridge has described with grave jocularity as a sex-specific pathology linked to the Y chromosome, i. e. warfare. Such correlations are observed worldwide. The correlation of Niger- Congo languages with Y chromosomal haplogroups is a striking example [Wood et al . 2005]. Likewise, the martial and male-biased historical spread of Hàn Chinese during the sinification of southern China, recounted in detail in the Chinese chronicles, is just as faithfully reflected in the genetic evi- dence [Wen et al . 2004]. A recent common ancestry between native Ameri- cans and indigenous Altaians is also based preponderantly on the shared Y chromosomal heritage and is not quite as well reflected in the mitochondrial lineages [Dulik et al . 2012]. The saliency of Y chromosomal haplogroups in tribal and caste populations in India contrasts with the comparatively feature- less nature and antiquity of the mitochondrial landscape [Thanseem et al . 2006; Thangaraj et al . 2006d]. Previously, it has been proposed that the subclades of the Y chromo- somal haplogroup R (M207) are connected with the dispersal of the ancient Indo-Europeans, haplogroup O2a (M95) with the spread of Austroasiatic and O3a3c (M134) with Trans-Himalayan a.k.a. Tibeto-Burman [van Driem 2002, 2007, 2012b]. Molecular genetic findings shed light both on ethnolin- guistic prehistory and its unrecorded sociolinguistic dimensions, and often